SpaceTime

Image Credit: David A. Hardy & PPARC Accreting neutron stars exhibit bursts due to nuclear burning of hydrogen/helium and rarely even carbon. The carbon flashes generate the superbusts. The carbon is produced during the hydrogen/helium flashes. However the amount of carbon produced in hydrogen/helium flashes is insufficient to power the superbursts.

Recently, some authors (Kallinger et al. 2016) proposed a new method to derive the stars' surface gravity "g". This parameter is fundamental to derive the mass and radius of the star itself. Mass and radius, in turn, are essential quantity for a correct estimate of the mass and size of extrasolar planets orbiting around it.

Image Credit: G. Vasilopoulos & M. Petropoulou. RGB image of the X-ray dust scattered rings observed by Swift/XRT. The Swift/XRT field-of-view is enclosed by the green circle, while a white circle of radius 9′ is overplotted for guiding the eye. The black hole is located at the center of the rings. First detection of X-ray dust scattered rings from the Galactic low mass X-ray binary V404 Cyg. The observation of the system with Swift/XRT on June 30 2015 revealed the presence of five concentric ring-like structures centred at the position of V404 Cyg.

Art by Moonrunner Design   At present there is no answer to this question. However I will try to list the hypothesys currently on the table with related issues.

Image Credit: Eugenio Bianchi, Carlo Rovelli & Rocky Kolb. According to the standard theories of cosmology, there is no center of the universe. In a conventional explosion, material expand out from a central point and the instinct suggests that with the Big Bang happened something similar. But the Big Bang was not an explosion like that at all: it was an explosion of space, not an explosion in space . The Big Bang happened everywhere in the Universe.

Credit: NASA/ESA Recently it has been suggested that quasars can be primarily responsible for the reionization of the universe.

Credit: ALMA (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/Alexandra Angelich (NRAO/AUI/NSF) Only a small amount of the supernovae products remains trapped within globular clusters and this "catch" only occurs in the most massive cases (mass cluster ≥ 10^6 solar masses).